Academic Word List

To examine something in detail in order to understand it or explain it.

A way of dealing with a situation or problem; to come near to something.

An idea or principle that is connected with something abstract.

To be or form something; to make up the whole of something.

The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea.

Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.

To state or describe exactly the nature, scope, or meaning of something.

To obtain something from a specified source.

To set up or create something on a firm or permanent basis.

The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.

To successfully bring about or reach a desired objective by effort, skill, or courage.

To buy or obtain an asset or object for oneself; to learn or develop a skill or habit.

To evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of something.

An advantage or profit gained from something; to receive an advantage.

A class or division of people or things regarded as having particular shared characteristics.

A result or effect of an action or condition.

To build or make something; a concept or idea formed in the mind.

To use up a resource; to eat, drink, or ingest something.

Public acknowledgement or praise; a sum of money lent or made available.

The arts, customs, and habits that characterise a particular society or nation.

One of two or more available possibilities; available as another possibility.

A fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action.

A verbal or written remark expressing an opinion or reaction.

To give something to make up for loss, suffering, or injury; to counterbalance.

A part or element of a larger whole.

A formal discussion on a particular topic; to argue about a subject.

Without being affected by; in spite of.

An aspect or feature of a situation; a measurable extent of some kind.

To give shares of something; to spread or supply something over an area.

The state of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services.

To become apparent, important, or prominent; to come out from a place.

Special importance, value, or prominence given to something.

To make certain that something shall occur or be the case.

The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives; the natural world.

To form an idea of the amount, number, or value of; to assess.

A circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a result or outcome.

A basic structure underlying a system, concept, or text; a set of principles.

The purpose for which something is designed; to work or operate in a particular way.

To produce or create something; to cause a situation to arise.

A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for investigation.

To establish or indicate who or what someone or something is.

A marked effect or influence; to have a strong effect on someone or something.

The conclusion that can be drawn from something; a likely consequence.

To point out; to be a sign or symptom of; to show.

A single human being as distinct from a group; single, separate.

To explain the meaning of something; to understand something in a particular way.

To include or affect someone or something as a necessary part or result.

An important topic or problem for debate or discussion; to supply or distribute officially.

To show or prove to be right or reasonable.

To cause or enable a condition or situation to continue; to keep in good condition.

A subject or range of activity; a region or part of a town, country, or the world.

To accept something as true without proof; to take on a role or responsibility.

The power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.

Able to be used or obtained; at someone's disposal.

Acting or done in the same way over time; compatible or in agreement with.

To bring something into existence; to cause something to happen as a result.

A particular form of procedure for accomplishing or approaching something.

To happen; to be found or present in a place or under a particular set of conditions.

By a specified amount in or for every hundred.

A length or portion of time; a punctuation mark.

A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organisation or individual.

A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief.

A series of actions or steps taken to achieve a particular end.

To need something for a particular purpose; to make something necessary.

The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts.

To say something in reply; to react to something.

The function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation.

Any of the more or less distinct parts into which something is or may be divided.

Sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; notable.

Resembling without being identical; of the same kind in appearance, character, or quantity.

A place, person, or thing from which something originates or can be obtained.

Clearly defined or identified; precise and clear in making statements.

The arrangement of and relations between the parts of something complex.

A supposition or system of ideas intended to explain something; an idea used to account for a situation.

To manage and be responsible for the running of a business, organisation, or institution.

To have an effect on; to make a difference to.

Suitable or proper in the circumstances.

A particular part or feature of something; a way in which something can be considered.

To help someone; to make it easier for someone to do something.

A main division of a book; a period of time or sequence of events.

An instruction or command to do something; to order the production of something.

A group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common.

Consisting of many different and connected parts; not easy to analyse or understand.

To reckon or calculate a figure or amount; to use a computer.

To bring or come to an end; to arrive at a judgement or opinion by reasoning.

To organise and carry out; the manner in which a person behaves.

A plan or drawing produced to show the look and function of something before it is built.

Recognisably different in nature from something else of a similar type.

A distinctive attribute or aspect of something; to have as a prominent attribute.

Important, serious, or significant; greater or more important.

Constructive, optimistic, or confident; with no possibility of doubt.

Latent qualities or abilities that may be developed; having the capacity to develop.

Existing or occurring before in time or order; prior.

Of chief importance; principal; earliest in time or order.

To buy something; an act of buying something.

The area of variation between upper and lower limits; to vary between limits.

An area, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics.

To control or maintain the rate or speed of a machine or process; to control by rules.

Closely connected or appropriate to what is being done or considered.

To have one's permanent home in a particular place.

A stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be drawn on.

To put a limit on; to keep under control.

Fixed or fastened so as not to give way; to make safe.

To attempt to find something; to ask for something from someone.

Permission for something to happen or agreement to do something.

Notably large in size, extent, or importance.

The state of being strikingly different from something else in juxtaposition.

To give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together.

To come together or bring together for a meeting or activity.

To bring the different elements of a complex activity or organisation into a harmonious relationship.

The central or most important part of something; forming the most important part.

Relating to a large company or group; of or shared by all members of a group.

To deny someone access to a place, group, or privilege; to leave out.

A sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose; to provide money for.

To explain or make something clear by using examples, charts, or pictures.

To come to live permanently in a foreign country.

To strongly suggest the truth or existence of something not expressly stated.

Existing or occurring at the beginning; first.

An example or single occurrence of something.

To act in such a way as to have an effect on another; to communicate or react together.

A sheet, quantity, or thickness of material, typically one of several.

A relationship between two things or situations; to make a connection between.

To discover the exact place or position of something; to establish in a particular place.

To make as large or great as possible; to make the best use of.

Lesser in importance, seriousness, or significance; not serious.

To make ineffective; to deny the existence of something.

The way a thing turns out; a consequence.

A person who takes part in an undertaking with another; to be the partner of.

The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence.

Relating to the body as opposed to the mind; relating to things perceived through the senses.

A part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole.

To prepare and issue a book, journal, or piece of writing for public sale or distribution.

To respond or behave in a particular way in response to something.

An official list or record; to record or enrol officially.

To depend on with full trust or confidence.

To take something away or off from the position occupied; to eliminate.

The means or opportunity to approach or enter a place; to obtain or retrieve.

Satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.

Occurring once every year; calculated over a period of one year.

Clearly visible or understood; obvious.

Close to the actual, but not completely accurate; to estimate or be close to.

A settled way of thinking or feeling about something; a position of the body.

To regard something as being caused by; a quality or feature regarded as characteristic.

Relating to ordinary citizens and their concerns; courteous and polite.

A system of words or symbols used to represent others; to write instructions for a computer.

To carry out or perpetrate a mistake, crime, or immoral act; to pledge or bind to a course.

Relating to the running of a home or family relations; existing or occurring inside a country.

Based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory.

To make visible; to reveal the true nature of; to subject to a risk or danger.

Belonging to or forming the outer surface or structure of something; coming from outside.

To make an action or process easy or easier.

Forming a necessary base or core; of central importance.

Suggested though not directly expressed; essentially or very closely connected with.

To force something unwelcome or unfamiliar to be accepted or put in place.

To combine one thing with another so that they become a whole.

Of or situated on the inside; existing or occurring within an organisation.

To carry out a systematic or formal inquiry to discover and examine the facts.

A paid position of regular employment; a task or piece of work.

A small piece of paper or other material attached to an object; to assign to a category.

A system of parts working together in a machine; a natural or established process.

Easily perceived or understood; clear, self-evident, or apparent.

To reside or have one's place of business in a building; to fill or take up a space.

A thing that is or may be chosen; the freedom to choose.

The amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry.

Taking everything into account; in all; generally.

Side by side and having the same distance continuously between them; a comparison.

A numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system.

A distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part of something's development.

To say or estimate that something will happen in the future.

Existing or coming before in time, order, or importance.

A place of study or training in a special field; a society or institution of distinguished scholars.

To alter or move something slightly in order to achieve the desired fit, appearance, or result.

To change in character or composition, typically in a comparatively small but significant way.

To make minor changes in a text in order to make it fairer, more accurate, or more up-to-date.

Having knowledge or perception of a situation or fact.

The maximum amount that something can contain; the ability or power to do something.

A task or situation that tests someone's abilities; to dispute the truth or validity of.

A unit of grammatical organisation; a particular and separate article or provision in a treaty.

A thing made up of two or more separate elements; to make something worse.

A serious disagreement or argument; to be incompatible or at variance.

To seek information or advice from someone with expertise in a particular area.

The state of physical touching; communication or relationship; to get in touch with.

To become smaller, fewer, or less; a gradual and continuous loss of strength.

Individually separate and distinct.

A preliminary version of a piece of writing; to prepare a preliminary version.

To give someone or something the authority or means to do something.

The strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity; power derived from resources.

To compel observance of or compliance with a law, rule, or obligation.

A thing with distinct and independent existence.

Equal in value, amount, function, meaning, or effect.

To develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complex form.

To become or make larger or more extensive; to give a fuller version of.

To make something visible; to reveal the true nature of something.

To remove or take out, especially by effort or force; a short passage from a text.

A folder or box for holding loose papers; to place a document in a file.

The centre of interest or activity; to pay particular attention to.

Lacking knowledge or awareness in general; uninformed about a specific subject.

A thing that motivates or encourages one to do something.

To feel willing or favourably disposed towards an action; a slope.

Money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.

To take in or contain something as part of a whole; to include.

An alphabetical list of names or subjects with references; an indicator or measure.

To hinder, restrain, or prevent an action or process.

To cause a process or action to begin.

What is put in, taken in, or operated on by any process or system; to contribute.

To direct or command someone to do something; to teach someone a subject.